Biodiesel Web - authorSTREAM. PowerPoint Templates. PowerPoint Templates. UGA RENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAM BIODIESEL PRIMER FACULTY OF ENGINEERING OUTREACH SERVICE. European standard EN 14111 describes the determination of the iodine number in fatty acids or biodiesel. A sample aliquot is dissolved in a mixture of cyclohexane and glacial acetic acid and treated with Wijs reagent. After a defined time has elapsed, potassium iodide and water are added. The released elemental iodine. Introduction An important mitigation strategy for the impact of fossil fuels on the environment is to use biofuels from renewable sources for transportation. Biofuels from plants represent the most abundant source of renewable fuels, offering the manufacture of ethanol and butanol (as gasoline additives) and long-chain hydrocarbons (for diesel additives or as jet fuels) from starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, and oils. The source of the energy captured by plants is the sun, which will be a constant source of energy for the next few billion years. The carbon released from the burning of biofuels is continually cycled rather than being released from ancient fixed carbon sources, as is the case for fossil petroleum and natural gas. The problem is that the cost of production of fuels from lignocellulose and plant oils is high and this nascent industry cannot compete with oil prices. Current progress: For the past two decades, ethanol has been produced primarily from cornstarch and cane sugar. Fourteen billion gallons of ethanol were produced in the USA from cornstarch in 2014 ( ). Also shown in is that corn-based ethanol production has plateaued ( ). Approximately 40% of the current USA corn crop is used to produce ethanol and is not likely to expand anymore, because the remainder of the crop is being used for animal feed and human food. Ethanol is produced from cane sugar in Brazil at a level of 7.3 billion gallons in 2014 ( ). ![]() ![]() Together, Brazil and the USA produce more than 90% of the world’s supply of ethanol. Ethanol production volumes from cornstarch over the last 9 years in the USA. Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that has received considerable attention recently because it is also non-polluting. It is carbon neutral because the carbon present in vehicle exhaust was recently fixed from atmospheric carbon. Biodiesel can be manufactured from numerous oils and fats including virgin vegetable oils, such as canola, soybean, and camelina, from waste cooking oils, or from animal fats, such as tallow or lard. The global biodiesel industry has grown considerably over the last several years, although since 2008 a dip occurred based on world economic recession. Europe has produced the greatest volume of biodiesel over the years, followed by the USA. Worldwide production in 2012 comprised 6 billion gallons (22.5 billion liters) ( ). Production in the USA in 2012 was approximately 0.89 billion gallons but increased to over 1.25 billion gallons in 2014 (Energy Information Administration as shown in ). Biodiesel production volumes from all source oils over the last 9 years in the USA. The Renewable Fuel Standard II (RFS II): RFS II is the motivation for increasing the production of renewable fuels from green plants ( ). This standard was set in 2005 and revised in 2007 to mandate quantities of renewable fuels to be incorporated into the transportation industry in the USA. The goal for 2022 is set at 36 billion gallons of renewable fuels, with 16 billion gallons required to be from lignocellulosic feedstocks, and 1 billion gallons per year of biodiesel. Additionally, 58% of the fuels produced by 2022 should be “advanced biofuels”, e.g. Non-starch ethanol or other types of fuels such as long-chain hydrocarbons or butanol that achieve a 50% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. The feedstocks for these fuels are lignocellulose and oils. However, intense research is necessary to make this cost-competitive.
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